Bi-level Energy Trading Model Incorporating Large-scale Biogas Plant and Demand Response Aggregator

Increasing intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) intensifies the imbalance between demand and generation, entailing diversification of deployment electrical storage systems (ESSs). A large-scale biogas plant (LBP) installed with heating devices (BES) usually exhibits a storage-like characteristic accommodating an increasing penetration level RES in rural areas, which is addressed this paper. By utilizing temperature-sensitive anaerobic digestion that enables LBP to exhibit characteristic, paper proposes bi-level trading model incorporating response aggregator (DRA) simultaneously. In model, social welfare maximized at upper while profit DRA lower level. Compared cases only DRA, results show proposed improves on-site accommodation capacity photovoltaic (PV) generation up 6.3%, 18.1%, 18.9% 30%, 40%, 50% PV levels, respectively, better economic performance. This nonlinear problem finally recast by single-level mathematical program equilibrium constraints (MPEC) using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions solved Cplex solver. The effectiveness validated 33-bus test system sensitivity analysis provided for analyzing what parameter influences most.